ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Pharmacology
doi: 10.25005/2074-0581-2026-28-1-88-99
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ANTIBIOTIC CONSUMPTION FOR RESPIRATORY DISEASES: A NATIONAL DDD ANALYSIS IN KYRGYZSTAN

E.B. BARBIEVA1, E.B. MURZABAEVA2, I.Z. ISMAILOV1

1Institute of Chemistry and Phytotechnology, National Academy of Science of Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Republic of Kyrgyzstan
2Faculty of Medicine, Ala-Too International University, Bishkek, Republic of Kyrgyzstan

Objective: This study aims to conduct a quantitative assessment of antibiotic consumption for infectious and inflammatory respiratory tract diseases in the Kyrgyz Republic over three years (2021-2023).

Methods: A retrospective analysis of antibiotic consumption in the Kyrgyz Republic (2021-2023) was conducted using the WHO-recommended Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) methodology. The following indicators were assessed: total number of Defined Daily Doses (DDD), DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID), and packages per inhabitant per year (PIY).

Results: Total antibiotic consumption increased from 1.228 million DDD in 2021 to 1.962 million in 2023. The DID rose from 499 to 797, and the PIY increased from 34 to 46. Penicillins (J01C) were the most frequently used, followed by macrolides (J01F) and fluoroquinolones (J01M). Among individual drugs, amoxicillin was the most common. A reduction in the variety of international nonproprietary names (INNs) was observed, decreasing from 24 to 18 over the study period.

Conclusion: Antimicrobial consumption for respiratory diseases in the Kyrgyz Republic increased significantly between 2021 and 2023. The prevalence of broad-spectrum antibiotics and the decline in therapeutic diversity underscore the urgent need for national antimicrobial stewardship programs and policy measures to mitigate the emergence of AMR.

Keywords: Antibacterial drugs, antimicrobial resistance, DDD analysis, antibiotic consumption.

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Authors' information:

Barbieva Elnura Bekbolotovna,
Post-Graduate Student of Institute of Chemistry and Phytotechnology, National Academy of Science of Kyrgyz Republic
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-2516-4231
E-mail: barbievaeb@mail.ru

Murzabaeva Elvira Bolotbekovna,
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Faculty of Medicine, Ala-Too International University
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-5258-9879
E-mail: elusya_kg@mail.ru

Ismailov Isabek Zailidinovich,
Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Professor, Institute of Chemistry and Phytotechnology, National Academy of Science of Kyrgyz Republic
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4980-8986
E-mail: ism-isa@mail.ru

Information about support in the form of grants, equipment, medications

The author did not receive financial support from manufacturers of medicines and medical equipment

Conflicts of interest: No conflict

Address for correspondence:

Murzabaeva Elvira Bolotbekovna
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Associate Professor, Faculty of Medi- cine, Ala-Too International University

720048, Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Ankara str., 1/8

Tel.: +996 (772) 667896

E-mail: elusya_kg@mail.ru


This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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