REVIEW ARTICLE
Ophthalmology
doi: 10.25005/2074-0581-2026-28-3-791-802
OMICS TECHNOLOGIES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY

D.YU. PLOTNIKOV

Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russian Federation

Modern ophthalmology is developing rapidly owing to the introduction of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Traditional methods often fail to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying disease development because of the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Omics technologies, including genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, enable comprehensive data analysis, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of pathogenesis and the development of personalized treatment strategies. High-throughput sequencing methods have made it possible to identify genetic predispositions to diseases such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and myopia, improving early diagnosis and targeted therapy.

The eye's unique characteristics, including its immune-privileged status and close relationship with the central nervous system, make it a valuable model for studying ocular disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Omics technologies also analyze tear fluid, enabling the identification of biomarkers for dry eye disease, diabetic retinopathy, and inflammatory disorders. Advances in bioinformatics and machine learning accelerate data processing, disease prediction, and the identification of novel therapeutic targets.

This review is based on a systematic literature search covering the period from 2010 to 2025 in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and eLibrary databases using the keywords “omics technologies”, “ophthalmology”, “genomics”, “proteomics”, and “metabolomics”. Peer-reviewed articles addressing the application of omics technologies to the investigation of ocular diseases, including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, dry eye disease, and myopia, were selected. Articles containing outdated data or providing insufficient methodological detail were excluded. This review discusses the current achievements and prospects of omics technologies in ophthalmology, their role in diagnosis and treatment, and existing challenges and directions for future research.

Keywords: Omics technologies, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, ophthalmology.

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Authors' information:

Plotnikov Denis Yurievich,
Candidate of Medical Sciences, Head of the Integrative Epidemiology Laboratory, Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical University
Researcher ID: AAO-3132-2021
Scopus ID: 57202400688
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9950-8992
Author ID: 1192580
E-mail: denis.plotnikov@kazangmu.ru

Information about support in the form of grants, equipment, medications

This work was supported by a grant from the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan awarded to young Candidates of Sciences (postdoctoral researchers) for the completion of doctoral dissertations, implementation of research projects, and performance of professional duties in scientific and educational organizations of the Republic of Tatarstan within the framework of the State Program of the Republic of Tatarstan “Scientific and Technological Development of the Republic of Tatarstan”. The author did not receive financial support from manufacturers of medicines and medical equipment

Conflicts of interest: No conflict

Address for correspondence:

Plotnikov Denis Yurievich
Candidate of Medical Sciences, Head of the Integrative Epidemiology Laboratory, Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical University

420012, Russian Federation, Kazan, Butlerov str., 49

Tel.: +7 (843) 2388371

E-mail: denis.plotnikov@kazangmu.ru


This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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